diff --git a/async-graphql-derive/src/enum.rs b/async-graphql-derive/src/enum.rs
index 5841d7a3..dddc9660 100644
--- a/async-graphql-derive/src/enum.rs
+++ b/async-graphql-derive/src/enum.rs
@@ -162,8 +162,8 @@ pub fn generate(enum_args: &args::Enum, input: &DeriveInput) -> Result<TokenStre
 
         #[#crate_name::async_trait::async_trait]
         impl #crate_name::OutputValueType for #ident {
-            async fn resolve(value: &Self, _: &#crate_name::ContextSelectionSet<'_>, _pos: #crate_name::Pos) -> #crate_name::Result<#crate_name::serde_json::Value> {
-                #crate_name::EnumType::resolve_enum(value)
+            async fn resolve(&self, _: &#crate_name::ContextSelectionSet<'_>, _pos: #crate_name::Pos) -> #crate_name::Result<#crate_name::serde_json::Value> {
+                #crate_name::EnumType::resolve_enum(self)
             }
         }
     };
diff --git a/async-graphql-derive/src/interface.rs b/async-graphql-derive/src/interface.rs
index bd99731e..f78fce0d 100644
--- a/async-graphql-derive/src/interface.rs
+++ b/async-graphql-derive/src/interface.rs
@@ -299,8 +299,8 @@ pub fn generate(interface_args: &args::Interface, input: &DeriveInput) -> Result
 
         #[#crate_name::async_trait::async_trait]
         impl #generics #crate_name::OutputValueType for #ident #generics {
-            async fn resolve(value: &Self, ctx: &#crate_name::ContextSelectionSet<'_>, pos: #crate_name::Pos) -> #crate_name::Result<#crate_name::serde_json::Value> {
-                #crate_name::do_resolve(ctx, value).await
+            async fn resolve(&self, ctx: &#crate_name::ContextSelectionSet<'_>, pos: #crate_name::Pos) -> #crate_name::Result<#crate_name::serde_json::Value> {
+                #crate_name::do_resolve(ctx, self).await
             }
         }
     };
diff --git a/async-graphql-derive/src/lib.rs b/async-graphql-derive/src/lib.rs
index 9c114953..89715105 100644
--- a/async-graphql-derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/async-graphql-derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -172,11 +172,11 @@ pub fn Scalar(args: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
         #[#crate_name::async_trait::async_trait]
         impl #generic #crate_name::OutputValueType for #self_ty #where_clause {
             async fn resolve(
-                value: &Self,
+                &self,
                 _: &#crate_name::ContextSelectionSet<'_>,
                 _pos: #crate_name::Pos,
             ) -> #crate_name::Result<#crate_name::serde_json::Value> {
-                value.to_json()
+                self.to_json()
             }
         }
     };
diff --git a/async-graphql-derive/src/object.rs b/async-graphql-derive/src/object.rs
index 02d3952c..cb2f63a3 100644
--- a/async-graphql-derive/src/object.rs
+++ b/async-graphql-derive/src/object.rs
@@ -384,10 +384,11 @@ pub fn generate(object_args: &args::Object, item_impl: &mut ItemImpl) -> Result<
 
                 resolvers.push(quote! {
                     if ctx.name.as_str() == #field_name {
+                        use #crate_name::OutputValueType;
                         #guard
                         #(#get_params)*
                         let ctx_obj = ctx.with_selection_set(&ctx.selection_set);
-                        return #crate_name::OutputValueType::resolve(&#resolve_obj, &ctx_obj, ctx.position).await;
+                        return OutputValueType::resolve(&#resolve_obj, &ctx_obj, ctx.position).await;
                     }
                 });
 
@@ -478,8 +479,8 @@ pub fn generate(object_args: &args::Object, item_impl: &mut ItemImpl) -> Result<
 
         #[#crate_name::async_trait::async_trait]
         impl #generics #crate_name::OutputValueType for #self_ty #where_clause {
-            async fn resolve(value: &Self, ctx: &#crate_name::ContextSelectionSet<'_>, pos: #crate_name::Pos) -> #crate_name::Result<#crate_name::serde_json::Value> {
-                #crate_name::do_resolve(ctx, value).await
+            async fn resolve(&self, ctx: &#crate_name::ContextSelectionSet<'_>, pos: #crate_name::Pos) -> #crate_name::Result<#crate_name::serde_json::Value> {
+                #crate_name::do_resolve(ctx, self).await
             }
         }
     };
diff --git a/async-graphql-derive/src/simple_object.rs b/async-graphql-derive/src/simple_object.rs
index 32b912b1..12c49dc9 100644
--- a/async-graphql-derive/src/simple_object.rs
+++ b/async-graphql-derive/src/simple_object.rs
@@ -184,8 +184,8 @@ pub fn generate(object_args: &args::Object, input: &mut DeriveInput) -> Result<T
 
         #[#crate_name::async_trait::async_trait]
         impl #generics #crate_name::OutputValueType for #ident #generics #where_clause {
-            async fn resolve(value: &Self, ctx: &#crate_name::ContextSelectionSet<'_>, _pos: #crate_name::Pos) -> #crate_name::Result<#crate_name::serde_json::Value> {
-                #crate_name::do_resolve(ctx, value).await
+            async fn resolve(&self, ctx: &#crate_name::ContextSelectionSet<'_>, _pos: #crate_name::Pos) -> #crate_name::Result<#crate_name::serde_json::Value> {
+                #crate_name::do_resolve(ctx, self).await
             }
         }
     };
diff --git a/async-graphql-derive/src/union.rs b/async-graphql-derive/src/union.rs
index 6147df86..8c9a7b53 100644
--- a/async-graphql-derive/src/union.rs
+++ b/async-graphql-derive/src/union.rs
@@ -125,8 +125,8 @@ pub fn generate(interface_args: &args::Interface, input: &DeriveInput) -> Result
 
         #[#crate_name::async_trait::async_trait]
         impl #generics #crate_name::OutputValueType for #ident #generics {
-            async fn resolve(value: &Self, ctx: &#crate_name::ContextSelectionSet<'_>, pos: #crate_name::Pos) -> #crate_name::Result<#crate_name::serde_json::Value> {
-                #crate_name::do_resolve(ctx, value).await
+            async fn resolve(&self, ctx: &#crate_name::ContextSelectionSet<'_>, pos: #crate_name::Pos) -> #crate_name::Result<#crate_name::serde_json::Value> {
+                #crate_name::do_resolve(ctx, self).await
             }
         }
     };
diff --git a/src/base.rs b/src/base.rs
index 037e0bf5..ddeda504 100644
--- a/src/base.rs
+++ b/src/base.rs
@@ -57,11 +57,7 @@ pub trait InputValueType: Type + Sized {
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 pub trait OutputValueType: Type {
     /// Resolve an output value to `serde_json::Value`.
-    async fn resolve(
-        value: &Self,
-        ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>,
-        pos: Pos,
-    ) -> Result<serde_json::Value>;
+    async fn resolve(&self, ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>, pos: Pos) -> Result<serde_json::Value>;
 }
 
 #[allow(missing_docs)]
@@ -185,12 +181,8 @@ impl<T: Type + Send + Sync> Type for &T {
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl<T: OutputValueType + Send + Sync> OutputValueType for &T {
     #[allow(clippy::trivially_copy_pass_by_ref)]
-    async fn resolve(
-        value: &Self,
-        ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>,
-        pos: Pos,
-    ) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
-        T::resolve(*value, ctx, pos).await
+    async fn resolve(&self, ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>, pos: Pos) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
+        T::resolve(*self, ctx, pos).await
     }
 }
 
@@ -208,12 +200,8 @@ impl<T: Type + Send + Sync> Type for Box<T> {
 impl<T: OutputValueType + Send + Sync> OutputValueType for Box<T> {
     #[allow(clippy::trivially_copy_pass_by_ref)]
     #[allow(clippy::borrowed_box)]
-    async fn resolve(
-        value: &Self,
-        ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>,
-        pos: Pos,
-    ) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
-        T::resolve(&*value, ctx, pos).await
+    async fn resolve(&self, ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>, pos: Pos) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
+        T::resolve(&*self, ctx, pos).await
     }
 }
 
@@ -230,12 +218,8 @@ impl<T: Type + Send + Sync> Type for Arc<T> {
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl<T: OutputValueType + Send + Sync> OutputValueType for Arc<T> {
     #[allow(clippy::trivially_copy_pass_by_ref)]
-    async fn resolve(
-        value: &Self,
-        ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>,
-        pos: Pos,
-    ) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
-        T::resolve(&*value, ctx, pos).await
+    async fn resolve(&self, ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>, pos: Pos) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
+        T::resolve(&*self, ctx, pos).await
     }
 }
 
@@ -256,11 +240,11 @@ impl<T: Type> Type for FieldResult<T> {
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl<T: OutputValueType + Sync> OutputValueType for FieldResult<T> {
     async fn resolve(
-        value: &Self,
+        &self,
         ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>,
         pos: Pos,
     ) -> crate::Result<serde_json::Value> where {
-        match value.as_ref() {
+        match self {
             Ok(value) => Ok(OutputValueType::resolve(value, ctx, pos).await?),
             Err(err) => Err(err.clone().into_error_with_path(
                 pos,
diff --git a/src/scalars/string.rs b/src/scalars/string.rs
index 3790c5f2..5a523bd8 100644
--- a/src/scalars/string.rs
+++ b/src/scalars/string.rs
@@ -52,11 +52,7 @@ impl<'a> Type for &'a str {
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl<'a> OutputValueType for &'a str {
-    async fn resolve(
-        value: &Self,
-        _: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>,
-        _pos: Pos,
-    ) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
-        Ok((*value).into())
+    async fn resolve(&self, _: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>, _pos: Pos) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
+        Ok((*self).into())
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/types/connection/connection_type.rs b/src/types/connection/connection_type.rs
index 165d9b1d..52882f36 100644
--- a/src/types/connection/connection_type.rs
+++ b/src/types/connection/connection_type.rs
@@ -203,11 +203,7 @@ impl<T: OutputValueType + Send + Sync, E: ObjectType + Sync + Send> ObjectType
 impl<T: OutputValueType + Send + Sync, E: ObjectType + Sync + Send> OutputValueType
     for Connection<T, E>
 {
-    async fn resolve(
-        value: &Self,
-        ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>,
-        _pos: Pos,
-    ) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
-        do_resolve(ctx, value).await
+    async fn resolve(&self, ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>, _pos: Pos) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
+        do_resolve(ctx, self).await
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/types/connection/edge.rs b/src/types/connection/edge.rs
index e5b2f46f..eee59dad 100644
--- a/src/types/connection/edge.rs
+++ b/src/types/connection/edge.rs
@@ -120,11 +120,7 @@ where
     T: OutputValueType + Send + Sync + 'a,
     E: ObjectType + Sync + Send + 'a,
 {
-    async fn resolve(
-        value: &Self,
-        ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>,
-        _pos: Pos,
-    ) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
-        do_resolve(ctx, value).await
+    async fn resolve(&self, ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>, _pos: Pos) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
+        do_resolve(ctx, self).await
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/types/empty_mutation.rs b/src/types/empty_mutation.rs
index 885f0e23..2e65b149 100644
--- a/src/types/empty_mutation.rs
+++ b/src/types/empty_mutation.rs
@@ -55,11 +55,7 @@ impl ObjectType for EmptyMutation {
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl OutputValueType for EmptyMutation {
-    async fn resolve(
-        _value: &Self,
-        _ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>,
-        pos: Pos,
-    ) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
+    async fn resolve(&self, _ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>, pos: Pos) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
         Err(Error::Query {
             pos,
             path: None,
diff --git a/src/types/empty_subscription.rs b/src/types/empty_subscription.rs
index 911b0c61..7cb7438b 100644
--- a/src/types/empty_subscription.rs
+++ b/src/types/empty_subscription.rs
@@ -58,11 +58,7 @@ impl SubscriptionType for EmptySubscription {
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl OutputValueType for EmptySubscription {
-    async fn resolve(
-        _value: &Self,
-        _ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>,
-        pos: Pos,
-    ) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
+    async fn resolve(&self, _ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>, pos: Pos) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
         Err(Error::Query {
             pos,
             path: None,
diff --git a/src/types/list.rs b/src/types/list.rs
index 307a10c7..060dc3dc 100644
--- a/src/types/list.rs
+++ b/src/types/list.rs
@@ -35,13 +35,9 @@ impl<T: InputValueType> InputValueType for Vec<T> {
 #[allow(clippy::ptr_arg)]
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl<T: OutputValueType + Send + Sync> OutputValueType for Vec<T> {
-    async fn resolve(
-        value: &Self,
-        ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>,
-        pos: Pos,
-    ) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
-        let mut futures = Vec::with_capacity(value.len());
-        for (idx, item) in value.iter().enumerate() {
+    async fn resolve(&self, ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>, pos: Pos) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
+        let mut futures = Vec::with_capacity(self.len());
+        for (idx, item) in self.iter().enumerate() {
             let ctx_idx = ctx.with_index(idx);
             futures.push(async move { OutputValueType::resolve(item, &ctx_idx, pos).await });
         }
@@ -61,13 +57,9 @@ impl<T: Type> Type for &[T] {
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl<T: OutputValueType + Send + Sync> OutputValueType for &[T] {
-    async fn resolve(
-        value: &Self,
-        ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>,
-        pos: Pos,
-    ) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
-        let mut futures = Vec::with_capacity(value.len());
-        for (idx, item) in (*value).iter().enumerate() {
+    async fn resolve(&self, ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>, pos: Pos) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
+        let mut futures = Vec::with_capacity(self.len());
+        for (idx, item) in (*self).iter().enumerate() {
             let ctx_idx = ctx.with_index(idx);
             futures.push(async move { OutputValueType::resolve(item, &ctx_idx, pos).await });
         }
diff --git a/src/types/optional.rs b/src/types/optional.rs
index d680add7..e2e4bc9e 100644
--- a/src/types/optional.rs
+++ b/src/types/optional.rs
@@ -29,12 +29,9 @@ impl<T: InputValueType> InputValueType for Option<T> {
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl<T: OutputValueType + Sync> OutputValueType for Option<T> {
-    async fn resolve(
-        value: &Self,
-        ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>,
-        pos: Pos,
-    ) -> Result<serde_json::Value> where {
-        if let Some(inner) = value {
+    async fn resolve(&self, ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>, pos: Pos) -> Result<serde_json::Value> where
+    {
+        if let Some(inner) = self {
             OutputValueType::resolve(inner, ctx, pos).await
         } else {
             Ok(serde_json::Value::Null)
diff --git a/src/types/query_root.rs b/src/types/query_root.rs
index 94ab92a8..6c8ed422 100644
--- a/src/types/query_root.rs
+++ b/src/types/query_root.rs
@@ -140,11 +140,7 @@ impl<T: ObjectType + Send + Sync> ObjectType for QueryRoot<T> {
 
 #[async_trait::async_trait]
 impl<T: ObjectType + Send + Sync> OutputValueType for QueryRoot<T> {
-    async fn resolve(
-        value: &Self,
-        ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>,
-        _pos: Pos,
-    ) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
-        do_resolve(ctx, value).await
+    async fn resolve(&self, ctx: &ContextSelectionSet<'_>, _pos: Pos) -> Result<serde_json::Value> {
+        do_resolve(ctx, self).await
     }
 }